What are the other Names of this Condition? (Also known as/Synonyms)

• Allergy to Sesame
• Sesame Seed Allergy

What is Sesame Allergy? (Definition/Background Information)

• Sesame Allergy is a relatively rare condition that manifests as an abnormal immune reaction/response to certain products of the sesame plant, in individuals who consume them
• Sesame is a small flowering plant that produce edible sesame seeds. It is also cultivated as an oilseed crop in many regions of Africa and Asia. The oil is used in cooking in many parts of the world, especially in Asia
• Sesame seeds are added to baked products, such as buns and breads, sushi, salads, vegetarian dishes, herbal drinks, cookies, crackers, and many other snack items. Individuals may develop an allergic reaction on consuming sesame products
• Sesame Allergy may occur immediately, or after a few hours following exposure. The exposure is normally through food ingestion. The condition affects both children and adults
• Numerous signs and symptoms of the allergic reaction may be noted including runny nose, hives, itching of the face and mouth, breathing difficulties, nausea and vomiting, and indigestion. In some individuals, Sesame Allergy may lead to an anaphylactic shock, which is a medical emergency
• Such food allergies are generally diagnosed using an antibody blood test, a skin-prick test, and an oral food challenge test. The diagnosis can also help identify sesame-based food items that are to be avoided (in future)
• Anti-allergic medications form the first line of treatment for mild Sesame Allergies. However, in the case of a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis), epinephrine or adrenaline injections are recommended
• The prognosis of Sesame Allergy is generally good and many overcome the condition during childhood; although, in some individuals, it may be present lifelong. Awareness of such allergies and avoidance of specific foods that causes the allergy (via allergen-free foods) is the best form of prevention

Who gets Sesame Allergy? (Age and Sex Distribution)

• Sesame Allergies can occur in infants, young and old children, including in adults
• No gender preference is noted and both males and females are affected
• All racial and ethnic groups are equally vulnerable to the condition; however, some countries, such as Australia and Israel, show more cases of Sesame Allergy

What are the Risk Factors for Sesame Allergy? (Predisposing Factors)

The risk factors for Sesame Allergy may include:

• Consuming sesame products that include sesame seeds and sesame oil-based food preparations
• Any family history of an associated food allergy
• Infants and young growing children are more at risk
• Having one form of (food) allergy puts one at risk for other forms

It is important to note that having a risk factor does not mean that one will get the condition. A risk factor increases one’s chances of getting a condition compared to an individual without the risk factors. Some risk factors are more important than others.

Also, not having a risk factor does not mean that an individual will not get the condition. It is always important to discuss the effect of risk factors with your healthcare provider.

What are the Causes of Sesame Allergy? (Etiology)

An allergic reaction occurs in an individual with Sesame Allergy, because the immune system recognizes certain compounds in sesame as being dangerous and harmful to the body. Sesame contains certain proteins including oleosi and vicilin that are potential allergens.

• Intake of sesame proteins results in the production of antibodies, specifically immunoglobulin E (IgE). The next time the individual is exposed to the same compound, the antibodies that are circulating in blood causes an antibody-antigen reaction
• This results in the production of histamine and other chemical messengers, which cause the symptoms seen during an allergic reaction
• Young children are more prone to the condition, mostly due to an under-developed digestive system
• The quantity of food that triggers an allergy may not be significantly large. Sometimes, consuming tiny amounts of sesame (allergen) is sufficient to trigger Sesame Allergy
• All types of sesame seeds (whether white, brown, or black) may cause allergies; although, white seeds can cause more number of allergy cases due to higher level of allergenic material in them. Nevertheless, sesame seeds are usually available as a mix of the three varieties/colors
• Non-food items with sesame that may cause an allergy include cosmetic products, medications, natural insecticides, topical applications, pet foods, and many other products

In some cases, a severe allergic reaction termed as anaphylaxis may occur, which is a medical emergency that requires immediate medical attention.

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Sesame Allergy?

The signs and symptoms of Sesame Allergy may start to appear within a few minutes, to a couple of hours, after the individual has consumed sesame or sesame-based food products. The symptoms are also common to other types of food allergies. In some, the symptoms are mild, while in others they are severe. In many cases, systemic signs and symptoms may be noted.

The signs and symptoms of Sesame Allergy may include:

• Chills
• Itching of skin, nose, eyes, insides of the mouth
• Urticaria (hives), skin rashes, or eczema
• Coughing, sneezing
• Shortness of breath (trouble breathing), wheezing, asthma-like symptoms
• Swollen eyes, eyelids
• Flushing of face
• Runny or stuffy nose
• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal distention (bloating) and pain

Severe symptoms can affect the respiratory and digestive system. It can lead to loss of consciousness and cardiovascular shock.

Generally, not all episodes of allergy will be of the same severity. In some individuals, the most severe symptom caused by Sesame Allergies is anaphylaxis.

• Anaphylaxis (sometimes called an anaphylactic shock) is a life-threatening, whole-body allergic reaction
• During anaphylaxis, tissues in various body parts release histamine and other messenger chemicals, which causes swelling of the throat and other symptoms
• Swelling of the throat is especially dangerous as this can cause shortness of breath. If the swelling is not reduced soon, then there is a possibility that the individual could die from a lack of sufficient oxygen
• It can also result in a bluish skin, weak pulse, and decreased blood pressure (hypotension)

How is Sesame Allergy Diagnosed?

The diagnosis of Sesame Allergy can be challenging and may involve the following tools:

• Physical examination, assessment of symptoms, and medical history evaluation (history of allergies in the family)
• Food diary: Once an allergy is suspected, the healthcare provider may request to maintain a food diary, to note what is being consumed on a regular basis and the corresponding symptoms observed. The healthcare provider can help check which food products are causing allergy, through a process of elimination

The tests that are usually conducted to diagnose Sesame Allergy include:

• Oral food challenge testing; when the individual is administered the allergens in a controlled manner to check for symptoms that develop
• Radioallergosorbent (RAS) test; to determine the specific allergy-causing substance
• Skin-prick test:
  • For this test, tiny amounts of certain substances are injected right underneath the skin (forearm, upper arm, or back)
  • After 15-20 minutes, if the spot where the chemical was injected swells, or if there is redness noticed, then this indicates that the individual may be allergic to the substance
• Blood test to detect antibodies (IgE antibody test)

Note: Do-it-yourself allergy testing kits that are commercially available are usually not recommended by healthcare providers.

Many clinical conditions may have similar signs and symptoms. Your healthcare provider may perform additional tests to rule out other clinical conditions to arrive at a definitive diagnosis.

What are the possible Complications of Sesame Allergy?

The complication of Sesame Allergy is associated with the allergic reaction itself and it depends on the severity of the reaction. It may include:

• Anaphylactic shock/reaction that may be life-threatening; many cases of a severe reaction to sesame have been reported
• Having one form of allergy can make the individual prone to other allergy types, especially to nuts or rye grain
• In severe reactions, a tracheostomy may have to be performed during an emergency situation

How is Sesame Allergy Treated?

The treatment of Sesame Allergy may be undertaken in the following manner:

• Avoiding consumption of foods containing sesame products; elimination diets supervised by a qualified dietitian
• Anti-allergic medication for mild reactions; antihistamine therapy that is prescribed by the allergy physician
• Symptomatic treatment; use of decongestants, especially for nose block including steroid sprays
• In the case of anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction), epinephrine or adrenaline is immediately administered
• Breathing support as necessary, control asthma symptoms and low blood pressure
• Immunotherapy, in case of severe allergies, for long-term tolerance development

Provide psychological support to children with such food allergies.

How can Sesame Allergy be Prevented?

The best way to prevent Sesame Allergy is to avoid sesame products that the individual is allergic to. Additionally, the following factors may be considered:

• Check ingredients of food before using; educate oneself on foods that potentially contain sesame
• Parents must be watchful and read food labels, to ensure they do not inadvertently give their child sesame-containing foods
• Studies have shown that breastfeeding children for 4-6 months or over, can help build their body immunity and make them less prone to allergies
• Appropriate maternal diet during pregnancy can help build stronger resistance (against allergies) in children
• Washing hands with soap and water, in case of contact with an allergen, especially before eating
• Avoiding contaminating food items during food preparation; use separate food utensils for preparing allergy-free meals, when possible
• Use alternatives to sesame products, where possible
• While eating out, explain your food allergy to hotel/restaurant service staff and ensure that your food is without the substances you are allergic to
• In hotels and restaurants, separating the preparation of potential food allergens (such as sesame, tree nuts, soy, fish) from general food preparation counters may be beneficial to individuals with food allergies. This can help avoid cross-contact (allergens getting transferred from one food type to another)
• Generating public awareness on various food allergies
• It is important to note that cooking to high-flame or cooking to recommended standards will NOT ensure elimination of the allergen

In case the child or adult is susceptible to an anaphylactic shock (high-risk individuals) from Sesame Allergy, the following should be considered:

• Being watchful of triggers and avoiding them
• Wearing medical alert information bracelets or suitable devices
• Carry auto-injector epinephrine or adrenaline medications such as EpiPen, Anapen, or Twinject. Since the condition may recur, it is advised to carry 2 doses (2 pens)
• Supervise children on how to self-administer the injection, if required
• If child is prone to anaphylactic reaction, then information (preferably written instructions) should be given to day care, school authorities accordingly
• Adults should inform their spouses, colleagues, and friends, about the condition, in case of a future emergency

Presently, in many countries, due to labeling and consumer protection laws, foods have suitable labels that indicate their content.

What is the Prognosis of Sesame Allergy? (Outcomes/Resolutions)

• The prognosis of Sesame Allergy depends on the severity of the signs and symptoms, but it is generally good. Many cases are known to resolve by childhood
• Some individuals may have it for the rest of their lives, but are able to cope well with modified diets that exclude sesame products
• In some cases, the allergic reaction may be severe, causing anaphylaxis. This is a medical emergency that can lead to a respiratory failure. It requires an immediate treatment of the condition. In such cases, the prognosis is guarded and it depends on whether immediate medical assistance is provided

Additional and Relevant Useful Information for Sesame Allergy:

Please visit our Allergy Health Center for more physician-approved health information:

http://www.dovemed.com/health-topics/allergy-center/