What are the other Names for this Condition? (Also known as/Synonyms)

• Herpes Simplex Virus Conjunctivitis
• Herpetic Keratoconjunctivitis
• HSV Conjunctivitis

What is Herpes Simplex Conjunctivitis? (Definition/Background Information)

• Herpes Simplex Virus Conjunctivitis (HSV Conjunctivitis) is caused by herpes simplex virus type 1. It is responsible for one of the most acute forms of Conjunctivitis, which involves both the conjunctiva and cornea
• It is a contagious eye disorder, which occurs due to infection in the outer most membrane of the eyelid, the conjunctiva (which is in contact with the eyeball)
• In Conjunctivitis the white part of the eye turns red or pink, and hence it is also known as Pink Eye. The infection may affect either one, or both the eyes, and is accompanied by inflammation, irritation, with watery discharge from the eyes. Under normal circumstances, Conjunctivitis does not affect vision
• HSV Conjunctivitis is a serious condition that requires prompt diagnosis and management. It is usually treated with antiviral medicines

Who gets Herpes Simplex Conjunctivitis? (Age and Sex Distribution)

• Individuals in any age group are vulnerable to Herpes Simplex Virus Conjunctivitis, but infants and young children are more at risk
• Both male and female genders are equally affected

What are the Risk Factors for Herpes Simplex Conjunctivitis? (Predisposing Factors)

The risk factors for Herpes Simplex Virus Conjunctivitis include:

• Contact with a person affected by HSV Conjunctivitis, or the use of infected (shared) items
• This infection spreads in offices, classrooms, day care centers, and crowded spaces. Children at these locations are at a higher risk
• Regular use of contact lens (particularly the extended wear variety)

It is important to note that having a risk factor does not mean that one will get the condition. A risk factor increases ones chances of getting a condition compared to an individual without the risk factors. Some risk factors are more important than others.

Also, not having a risk factor does not mean that an individual will not get the condition. It is always important to discuss the effect of risk factors with your healthcare provider.

What are the Causes of Herpes Simplex Conjunctivitis? (Etiology)

• Most individuals are exposed to the herpes simplex virus early in their life, which causes a very mild infection, such as a sore throat or a cold. The virus then remains dormant within the human body, and takes refuge in the optic nerve
• When conditions are conducive for their resurgence (like due to a fever, stress, exposure to sunlight, trauma, hormonal changes), or when there is an underlying disorder that diminish the body’s immune system quality; the virus is activated causing an acute form of Herpes Simplex Virus Conjunctivitis. From this time onward, the infection can recur and can become a long-term issue
• The disorder is highly contagious and the infectious phase may last for 10-12 days, until the eye returns to normal color
• The virus is transmitted through direct contact with items used by the infected individual, by touch (hand-to-eye route), use of shared spaces (like swimming pools), and through respiratory droplets
• Herpes Simplex Virus can also cause a severe form of Conjunctivitis in newborn children during delivery, known as Neonatal Keratoconjunctivitis. However, this is a very rare disorder

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Herpes Simplex Conjunctivitis?

Common signs & symptoms of Herpes Simplex Virus Conjunctivitis are:

• Itching and redness of the eye(s); this may begin in one eye and slowly progress to the other
• Eye pain, inflammation (of the eyelids); with gritty feeling of sand-like particles inside the eye
• Continuous discharge of watery mucus from the eyes
• Blurred vision, light sensitivity
• Corneal ulcers
• Multiple lesions may be observed on the eyelid tip, near the hair roots

How is Herpes Simplex Conjunctivitis Diagnosed?

Herpes Simplex Conjunctivitis is diagnosed using the following tools:

• The ophthalmologist or physician performs an eye examination and evaluates the patient’s medical history
• Slit lamp exam (if necessary), for a detailed study of the eye
• Examination of conjunctival scrapings; culture may be performed to confirm the infectious cause
• Differential diagnosis to eliminate other conditions; since there are several other cause factors for Conjunctivitis

Many clinical conditions may have similar signs and symptoms. Your healthcare provider may perform additional tests to rule out other clinical conditions to arrive at a definitive diagnosis.

What are the possible Complications of Herpes Simplex Conjunctivitis?

Complications may arise if Herpes Simplex Virus Conjunctivitis is not treated. The complications include:

• Prolonged discomfort
• Corneal ulcer, scar
• Severe damage to the eye, loss of vision
• Spread of infection to other body parts
• Possibility of a bacterial infection

How is Herpes Simplex Conjunctivitis Treated?

Treatment of Herpes Simplex Virus Conjunctivitis is mainly supportive, and based on underlying health factors. Some general management measures include:

• Topical antiviral ointments are generally prescribed
• Application of warm compress can help reduce discomfort
• Clean the eye crusts carefully using soft and wet cotton wool
• Use of topical antibiotic ointment is recommended to prevent bacterial infections
• Use of lubricating drops may soothe the eyes, and are helpful if eyes remain dry
• Corticosteroids are not used, since they worsen the condition
• In case of severe and intense (chronic) infection leading to loss of vision; a corneal transplant may be necessary to restore vision
• Avoid the use of contact lens during this period; wear eye glasses instead
• Follow-up care is regularly required after 1-3 weeks; more so if the condition aggravates

How can Herpes Simplex Conjunctivitis be Prevented?

• Herpes Simplex Virus Conjunctivitis is highly infectious like other viral infections. It is best to keep away from work or school if you suffer from the condition
• Prevent spread of the condition by maintaining hygiene, washing hands regularly, avoiding sharing of pillows, towels, make-up, and by limiting physical contact
• Prevent aggravation of the condition by staying out of the sun, keeping away from dust and smoke. Also, avoid touching or rubbing the eyes (this may be difficult when the individuals are very young children)
• Stop or restrain yourself from smoking tobacco, or drinking alcohol

What is the Prognosis of Herpes Simplex Conjunctivitis? (Outcomes/Resolutions)

• Most cases of Herpes Simplex Virus Conjunctivitis are self-limiting and have an excellent outcome with supportive management of the condition. The condition normally resolves within 2-4 weeks
• If there are other underlying conditions that aggravate the infection; then further complications may develop that would require an extended treatment course

Additional and Relevant Useful Information for Herpes Simplex Conjunctivitis:

• Herpes simplex virus type 2 is responsible for causing Herpes Simplex Virus Conjunctivitis in newborn children
• Many alternatives medicine therapies, natural therapy, or home remedies are available to ease the discomfort of Viral Conjunctivitis. However, such treatment methods are not a proven science and should not be substituted for a qualified healthcare provider’s medical advice