What are the other names for this Condition? (Also known as/Synonyms)

• Hypermetropia
• Hyperopia

What is Farsightedness? (Definition/Background Information)

• Farsightedness is a common vision condition characterized by an ability to see distant objects more clearly than nearby objects. It is also known as Hyperopia
• Many individuals have some degree of this condition, however it is not a problem until it significantly affects one’s vision, resulting in difficulties with daily life
• Farsightedness is caused when the eyeball is too short, or the cornea has too little curvature. This results in light rays not refracting properly, causing nearby objects to not come into clear focus
• Farsightedness primarily develops due to biological factors, as the condition is hereditary. However, this condition may also result from environmental factors 
• The eyes are able to compensate in mild cases of Farsightedness. In more severe cases however, it may have to be treated through the use of corrective glasses, contact lenses, or even refractive surgery
• It is possible to outgrow Farsightedness, although most individuals may be required to wear corrective glasses or contact lenses long-term, in order to perform simple daily tasks and carry on with their life

Who gets Farsightedness? (Age and Sex Distribution)

• Farsightedness can affect individuals of any age, but is most commonly seen in infants. The prevalence of the condition decreases with age
• No gender bias is reported for the occurrence of this condition and both males and females are affected
• All racial and ethnic groups may be affected by Farsightedness, however it is reported more often among Native Americans, African Americans, and Pacific Islanders compared to individuals of other backgrounds (such as Caucasians and Asians)
• It is reported that Farsightedness affects about 5% to 10% of Americans

What are the Risk Factors for Farsightedness? (Predisposing Factors)

Some known risk factors for Farsightedness may include:

• Family history of Farsightedness
• Improper eye care
• Genetic disorders such as:
• Achromatopsia
• Aniridia
• Down syndrome
• Fragile X syndrome
• Gorlin-Chaudhry-Moss syndrome
• Leber congenital amaurosis
• Microphthalmia
• Senior-Loken syndrome
• X-linked juvenile retinoschisis

It is important to note that having a risk factor does not mean that one will get the condition. A risk factor increases one’s chances of getting a condition compared to an individual without the risk factors. Some risk factors are more important than others.

Also, not having a risk factor does not mean that an individual will not get the condition. It is always important to discuss the effect of risk factors with your healthcare provider.

What are the Causes of Farsightedness? (Etiology)

Farsightedness is generally caused by improper light refraction when:

• The eyeball is shorter than normal or average
• The cornea having too little curvature (also known as a “flat” cornea)

It has been reported that Farsightedness may run in families. However, no single causative gene mutation has been clearly identified so far.

Farsightedness may also be a manifestation of certain genetic disorders, including:

• Achromatopsia
• Aniridia
• Down syndrome
• Fragile X syndrome
• Gorlin-Chaudhry-Moss syndrome
• Leber congenital amaurosis
• Microphthalmia
• Senior-Loken syndrome
• X-linked juvenile retinoschisis

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Farsightedness?

The signs and symptoms of Farsightedness may include the following:

• Blurry vision, especially for objects up close; commonly reading problems
• Squinting
• Fatigue
• Headaches
• Eyestrain
• Frequent blinking
• Burning eyes
• Aching in or around the eyes
• Nervousness or frustration after a long time of concentration

How is Farsightedness Diagnosed?

A diagnosis of Farsightedness is made based on the basis of the following tests and exams:

• A complete physical evaluation
• Comprehensive analysis of medical history
• An eye examination including assessment of refraction and eye health
• Differential diagnosis to rule out other disorders that may be present with similar signs and symptoms

Many clinical conditions may have similar signs and symptoms. Your healthcare provider may perform additional tests to rule out other clinical conditions to arrive at a definitive diagnosis.

What are the possible Complications of Farsightedness?

Farsightedness may lead to the following complications:

• Crossed eyes (esotropia)
• Excess tearing
• Difficulty performing tasks that require hand-eye coordination
• Professional setbacks resulting in financial and career-related issues
• Personal safety concerns 
• Reduced quality of life

How is Farsightedness Treated?

No treatment may be necessary for mild cases of Farsightedness, if it is established by a qualified healthcare provider. In severe cases, however, the following treatment methods may be employed:

• Eyeglasses are the simplest solution; it consist of lenses to correct the vision defect 
• Use of contact lenses causing a more precise refraction of light
• Refractive surgery to change the shape of the cornea using laser, to enable proper refraction of light. However, this method is less commonly used; but if successful, it may possibly help fix the vision defect permanently, eliminating the dependency on eyeglasses and/or contact lenses
• Refractive surgery options include:
  • Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK)
  • Laser in situ Keratomileusis (LASIK)
• Phakic intraocular lenses can be considered in cases not suitable for above treatment options.

How can Farsightedness be Prevented?

Presently, there are no methods or guidelines available for the prevention of Farsightedness.

• Seeking medical treatment soon after symptoms begin may help prevent progression of the condition into a more severe one
• Protecting eyes from ultraviolet light using sunglasses and hats can reduce further damage to the eyes
• Ensuring that the prescription glasses (contact lenses) are not outdated and appropriate can prevent worsening of the condition

What is the Prognosis of Farsightedness? (Outcomes/Resolutions)

• The prognosis for young children with mild Farsightedness is generally good, as many of them may outgrow the condition with time 
• In many cases, the affected individuals may be required to wear corrective glasses or contact lenses full-time, in order to cope with the condition
• If left untreated, Farsightedness may lead to difficulties in performing daily activities and a decreased quality of life

Additions and Relevant Useful Information for Farsightedness:

Other vision conditions similar to Farsightedness include nearsightedness (myopia) and astigmatism. Please visit the following DoveMed links to read about the same:

https://www.dovemed.com/diseases-conditions/nearsightedness/

https://www.dovemed.com/diseases-conditions/astigmatism/