What are the other Names for this Condition? (Also known as/Synonyms)

• Plaque-Induced Chronic Gingivitis

What is Chronic Gingivitis? (Definition/Background Information)

• Gingivitis is a very common bacterial infection, caused by an accumulation of plaque on the teeth and gums. Since, in this condition the gums are primarily affected and become swollen, resulting in bleeding, gingivitis is also described as gum disease (early form)
• Chronic Gingivitis develops when gingivitis is longstanding and is not treated suitably. When the initial symptoms of gum inflammation are ignored, the condition progresses to manifest symptoms such as receding gums, easy bleeding during brushing teeth, and foul-smelling breath
• Chronic Gingivitis may develop over many months and years and is generally a painless condition. However, a lack of treatment at this stage can result in periodontitis, when the teeth structure including jawbone is affected
• Older adults are highly prone to Chronic Gingivitis. However, children or young/middle-aged adults can develop the condition as well. Other factors that promote onset of the condition or exacerbate it include smoking, reduced immunity, and diabetes
• The treatment for Chronic Gingivitis may range from oral cleaning, removal of plaque, to administration of medication for bacterial infection. The prognosis of the condition with appropriate treatment is generally good

Who gets Chronic Gingivitis? (Age and Sex Distribution)

• Generally, older adults (over the age of 60 years) are known to have a very high risk for Chronic Gingivitis. However, individuals of any age can develop this form of gum disease
• It can affect both males and females, although some studies indicate a preference for males
• Currently, no studies report the condition to be more prevalent among a particular racial or ethnic group

What are the Risk Factors for Chronic Gingivitis? (Predisposing Factors)

Untreated long-duration gingivitis is the most important risk factor for Chronic Gingivitis. The other factors that aggravate the risk include:

• Poor oral habits: This facilitates bacterial growth in the mouth thereby increasing the risk for developing gum disease
• Aging: Generally, the older the age, the greater is the risk
• Cigarette smoking and chewing tobacco
• Use of illegal substances
• Conditions causing hormonal imbalance in the body including puberty and pregnancy
• Individuals with poorly-controlled diabetes
• Certain diseases and disorders such as heart diseases and rheumatoid arthritis
• Individuals with cancer
• Use of certain medications such as those prescribed for heart and neurological conditions
• Administration of corticosteroids
• Oral contraceptives 
• Nutritional deficiencies
• Genetic susceptibility: Some individuals have a higher risk for gum disease due to their genetic make-up
• HIV infection cause weak immune function makes one more at risk for gingivitis
• Obesity and excessive stress
• Bruxism: A condition in which individuals tend to grind their teeth

It is important to note that having a risk factor does not mean that one will get the condition. A risk factor increases one’s chances of getting a condition compared to an individual without the risk factors. Some risk factors are more important than others.

Also, not having a risk factor does not mean that an individual will not get the condition. It is always important to discuss the effect of risk factors with your healthcare provider.

What are the Causes of Chronic Gingivitis? (Etiology)

• The main cause of gingivitis is infection of the gum, teeth, and surrounding tissue. This leads to plaque buildup on the affected teeth (or tooth)
• When this plaque is left on the teeth for extended periods of time, it hardens, and bacteria in the mouth start to release toxins that damage the gums
• When early and mild forms of gum disease is left untreated (or treated inadequately) for a substantial period of time, it results in Chronic Gingivitis

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Gingivitis?

The signs and symptoms associated with Chronic Gingivitis include:

• Inflamed gums that appear dark red (hypertrophy of the gums); the gum inflammation may not be very significant
• The color of gums between tooth may be dark pink or purple
• Bleeding from the gums (especially during brushing/flossing); bleeding upon probing
• Easy gum bleeding is observed frequently
• Discharge of pus from the gums
• The condition is typically painless; however, sometimes, discomfort and pain may be observed
• Receding gums
• Abnormal taste in the mouth 
• Bad breath
• In some, the tooth/teeth may become loose/shaky

There may be periods of exacerbation and recession of the presenting symptoms.

How is Chronic Gingivitis Diagnosed?

The diagnostic tests for Chronic Gingivitis may involve the following:

• An oral specialist (dental professional) will examine the symptoms and perform a physical exam on the mouth. The specialist will look for plaque and tartar buildup and check how tender and how easily the gums bleed
• A thorough analysis of the individual’s medical history
• Dental X-rays, if necessary, to examine the extent of teeth and bone involvement

Many clinical conditions may have similar signs and symptoms. Your healthcare provider may perform additional tests to rule out other clinical conditions to arrive at a definitive diagnosis.

What are the possible Complications of Chronic Gingivitis?

The possible complications associated with Chronic Gingivitis include:

• Development of the condition to advanced stages of gum disease called periodontitis
• Tooth loss
• Emotional stress

How is Chronic Gingivitis Treated?

The treatment options for Chronic Gingivitis may include:

• Professional oral cleaning and removal of plaque; use of a sealant to level the surface of teeth and avoid further plaque buildup
• Scaling and polishing
• Cleaning and replacement of any dental prosthetic devices
• Root surface debridement procedure (removal of food debris using abrasion)
• Antibiotic medications to control and treat any bacterial infection
• Use of laser therapy and photodynamic therapy for disinfection and elimination of bacteria, if necessary

Regular visits to the dentist and maintaining good oral hygiene, such as brushing and flossing after each meal, are strongly recommended.

How can Chronic Gingivitis be Prevented?

Chronic Gingivitis is a wholly preventable condition through adequate treatment of early gum disease (gingivitis), proper oral care, and daily teeth cleaning habits. The following may be considered in this regard:

• Good oral hygiene that can be achieved by brushing the teeth twice daily and by flossing at least once a day
• Using recommended oral rinses including antiseptic topical applications
• Stopping smoking or chewing tobacco and substance abuse
• Controlling diabetes through lifestyle changes
• Have a well-balanced diet with lots of fruits and vegetables, to avoid any nutritional imbalances
• Avoid sugary and carbonated foods
• If certain medications place you at a higher risk for gum disease, check with your physician for alternatives or substitutes
• Use a mouth guard, if you have a habit of grinding teeth (especially at night)
• Be physically active and exercise regularly to remain healthy and stress-free; meditation and yoga may be beneficial

Undertake regular visits to a dental health professional for a proper dental check-up and to prevent any tooth-related issues early.

What is the Prognosis of Chronic Gingivitis? (Outcomes/Resolutions)

• With adequate treatment, the prognosis of Chronic Gingivitis is good and the symptoms can be resolved
• Strictly adhering to a good oral hygiene regimen after treatment can help prevent recurrence of gum disease

Additional and Relevant Useful Information for Chronic Gingivitis:

• In order to prevent periodontitis, gingivitis needs to be treated in the early stages

Please visit our Dental Health Center for more physician-approved health information:

https://www.dovemed.com/healthy-living/dental-health/