Researchers are one step closer to solving the mystery of why some vertebrates can regenerate their spinal cords while others, including humans, create scar tissue after spinal cord injury, leading to lifelong damage.Scientists at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) have identified gene "partners" in the axolotl salamander that, when activated, allow the neural tube and associated nerve fibers to functionally regenerate after severe spinal cord damage. Interestingly, these genes are also present in humans, though they are activated in a different manner. Their results are published this week in Nature Communications Biology.

"[Axolotls are] the champions of regeneration in that they can regenerate multiple body parts. For example, if you make a lesion in the spinal cord, they can fully regenerate it and gain back both motor and sensory control," says Karen Echeverri, associate scientist in the Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering. "We wanted to understand what is different at a molecular level that drives them towards this pro-regenerative response instead of forming scar tissue."

Echeverri's prior research had shown that, in both axolotls and humans, the c-Fos gene is up-regulated in the glial cells of the nervous system after spinal cord injury. She also knew that c-Fos cannot act alone.

"It's what we call an obligate heterodimer, so it has to have a partner in life," says Echeverri. "c-Fos has a different partner in axolotl than it has in humans and this seems to drive a completely different response to injury."

In human injury response, c-Fos is paired with the gene c-Jun. In axolotls, however, Echeverri and her team determined that c-Fos is activated with the gene JunB. This difference in gene activation was traced to the actions of microRNAs, which regulate gene expression.

By modifying gene expression by the axolotls' microRNA, they were able to force the human pairing of c-Fos with c-Jun. The salamanders with the human pairings were unable to regain a functioning spinal cord after injury, instead forming the scar tissue that occurs in human injury repair. Follow-up studies will investigate if the reverse is true in human cells.

"The genes involved in regeneration in axolotl are highly conserved between humans and axolotls, and it doesn't appear so far that axolotls have regeneration-specific genes," says Echeverri. "It's all about who you partner with directly after injury, and how that drives you toward either regeneration or forming scar tissue. It's kind of like in life, who you partner with can have a really positive or negative effect."

Understanding the axolotl spinal cord regeneration and its differences from -- and, more interestingly, similarities to -- the human process could help researchers and eventually doctors improve treatment for severe human spinal cord injuries.

"That has a huge translation potential not just for spinal cord injury in humans, but also for a lot of neurodegenerative diseases," Echeverri says.