Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma

Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma

Article
Digestive Health
Healthy Lungs
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Contributed byKrish Tangella MD, MBANov 05, 2018

What are the other Names for this Condition? (Also known as/Synonyms)

  • Glomeruloid Mesothelioma
  • Glomeruloid Type of Malignant Mesothelioma

What is Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma? (Definition/Background Information)

  • A malignant mesothelioma is a malignancy of the mesothelial cells (membrane lining the various body cavities). They are known to mostly arise in the pleura and peritoneum, and rarely, in the pericardium, the tunica vaginalis of testis, and ovary
  • Based on the cell type or histology, the tumor is classified into the following types:
    • Malignant epithelial mesothelioma
    • Malignant sarcomatoid mesothelioma
    • Malignant biphasic mesothelioma
  • Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma is histological variant of malignant epithelial mesothelioma. The tumor is diagnosed under a microscope, on examination of the cancer cells by a pathologist. In this tumor, the tumor cells show similar features to the glomerulus of kidney
  • Malignant mesotheliomas are generally associated with asbestos exposure. However, in the case of Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma, no definitive association is established, because of the small number of cases reported. The cause of formation of the tumor is not well-established
  • The signs and symptoms depend upon the location of the tumor. Small-sized tumors during the initial stages may remain asymptomatic. Large-sized tumors can cause pain, obstructive symptoms, fatigue, and weight loss. The complications of Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma include tumor metastasis to various regions and recurrence following its surgical removal
  • The treatment of Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma is undertaken through surgery. However, since it is generally difficult to remove the entire tumor, chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy may be proposed. The prognosis is generally poor due to organ dysfunction, local invasion, and metastasis of the malignancy to various body sites

Who gets Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma? (Age and Sex Distribution)

  • Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma is a rare histological subtype of epithelial type of malignant mesothelioma
  • Even though the tumor may occur in children and young adults, a majority are found in older adults
  • Both males and females are affected, although males are at a higher risk by virtue of their occupation
  • No racial or ethnic group preference is generally noted

What are the Risk Factors for Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma? (Predisposing Factors)

Currently, no definitive risk factors are noted for the development of Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma. But it may be associated with the following factors:

  • Exposure to asbestos: No clear evidence is available of the association of tumor development to asbestos exposure
  • Iatrogenic tumors: Some tumors have been reported to form following medical treatment for angina pectoris; for tumors affecting the pericardium
  • Chronic smoking
  • Radiation therapy for a variety of cancers: In rare cases, treatment for breast or abdominal cancer using radiation therapy is also known to cause the formation of malignant mesothelioma
  • Exposure to eronite, a type of naturally-occurring mineral fiber, in some parts of the world (e.g. Turkey)
  • Family history of mesothelioma: Mutations in BAP1 gene that can run in some families can increase the risk for malignant mesothelioma. The gene mutation can also cause an increased risk for a variety of cancers, such as ocular melanoma, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, liver cancer including intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, melanoma of skin, etc. in such individuals
  • In experimental animal models, simian virus 40 (SV40, which is generally found in monkeys and humans) has been shown to cause malignant mesothelioma. However, whether SV40 causes mesothelioma in humans is not yet definitely established

Note: In some cases, no association to any of the above factors may be identified.

It is important to note that having a risk factor does not mean that one will get the condition. A risk factor increases ones chances of getting a condition compared to an individual without the risk factors. Some risk factors are more important than others.

Also, not having a risk factor does not mean that an individual will not get the condition. It is always important to discuss the effect of risk factors with your healthcare provider.

What are the Causes of Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma? (Etiology)

The exact cause and mechanism of formation of Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma is unknown. Unlike other malignant mesotheliomas, recent studies have shown that the formation of Glomeruloid Mesothelioma may not be influenced by exposure to asbestos (a silicate mineral that is recognized as a hazardous material). Also, because of the rarity of the condition, the definitive cause and effect relationship with asbestos exposure has not been proven.

  • Mesotheliomas have been shown to have a variety of different genetic mutations
  • In general, it is known that cancers form when normal, healthy cells begin transforming into abnormal cells - these cancer cells grow and divide uncontrollably (and lose their ability to die), resulting in the formation of a mass or a tumor
  • The transformation of normally healthy cells into cancerous cells may be the result of genetic mutations. Mutations allow the cancer cells to grow and multiply uncontrollably to form new cancer cells
  • These tumors can invade nearby tissues and adjoining body organs, and even metastasize and spread to other regions of the body

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma?

The signs and symptoms of Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma depend upon the location of the tumor. These may include:

  • The presence of large-sized tumors that are nodular in appearance
  • The tumors may be present in the pleura and peritoneum. Rarely, it can be found in other sites, such as the pericardium
  • Low-grade fever and profuse sweating
  • Tiredness or fatigue
  • Tumors in the pleura or pericardium can lead to:
    • Shortness of breath or rapid breathing
    • Pleural or pericardial effusion; an abnormal collection of fluid within the pleura/pericardium
    • Chest pain or discomfort, such as feelings of heaviness/fullness of the chest
    • Intermittent cough
    • Tumors in the heart or lung can spread and obstruct major blood vessels or airways
  • Tumors in the peritoneum can lead to:
    • Abdominal pain; swollen abdomen
    • Nausea and vomiting
    • Change in bowel habits
    • Ascites; an abnormal collection of fluid within the abdominal cavity
  • Fainting or feeling faint, dizziness
  • Swelling in the lower legs
  • Weight loss

There are no signs and symptoms during the initial stages of tumor growth and development. Also, small-sized tumors usually do not cause any symptoms. But, occasionally they may become painful, if the surrounding structures are compressed.

How is Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma Diagnosed?

The following tools may be used towards establishing a diagnosis of Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma:

  • Complete evaluation of family (medical) history, along with a thorough physical examination
  • X-ray of the affected region
  • CT or CAT scan with contrast of the affected region may show the presence of a mass. This radiological procedure creates detailed 3-dimensional images of structures inside the body
  • MRI scans of the affected region: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a magnetic field to create high-quality pictures of certain parts of the body, such as tissues, muscles, nerves, and bones. These high-quality pictures may reveal the presence of the tumor
  • Whole-body PET scan, bone scan of affected region to check for tumor metastasis. This helps with the staging of the tumor

Although the above modalities can be used to make an initial diagnosis, a tissue biopsy of the tumor is necessary to make a definitive diagnosis to begin treatment. The tissue for diagnosis can be procured in multiple different ways which include:

  • Fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of the tumor: A FNA biopsy may not be helpful, because one may not be able to visualize the different morphological areas of the tumor. Hence, a FNA biopsy as a diagnostic tool has certain limitations, and an open surgical biopsy is preferred
  • Core biopsy of the tumor
  • Open biopsy of the tumor

Tissue biopsy of the tumor:

  • A biopsy of the tumor is performed and sent to a laboratory for a pathological examination. A pathologist examines the biopsy under a microscope. After putting together clinical findings, special studies on tissues (if needed) and with microscope findings, the pathologist arrives at a definitive diagnosis. Examination of the biopsy under a microscope by a pathologist is considered to be gold standard in arriving at a conclusive diagnosis
  • Biopsy specimens are studied initially using Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. The pathologist then decides on additional studies depending on the clinical situation
  • Sometimes, the pathologist may perform additional studies, which may include immunohistochemical stains, electron microscopy, and molecular studies to assist in the diagnosis

Note:

  • It is rare to find a tumor that has purely one subtype. Often, there is a mixture of more than one cell type. The predominant pattern determines the histological subtype of the tumor
  • Due to the rarity of these tumors, the diagnosis of this malignancy can be missed. It can even cause diagnostic challenges during a frozen section biopsy

Many clinical conditions may have similar signs and symptoms. Your healthcare provider may perform additional tests to rule out other clinical conditions to arrive at a definitive diagnosis.

What are the possible Complications of Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma?

Complications due to Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma are dependent upon the site of the tumor and could include the following:

  • Pleural tumors may result in:
    • Large tumors can obstruct the bronchus (airways) and other adjoining organs/structures
    • Severely impaired lung function
  • Pericardial tumors may result in:
    • Congestive heart failure, depending on the location of the tumor in the heart
    • Cardiac tamponade due to fluid around the pericardium, which can lead to low blood pressure, fatigue, anxiety, rapid breathing, and fainting
    • Increased risk for thromboembolism (blood clot obstructing a blood vessel) 
  • Large tumors can compress adjoining organs and structures and impair their function
  • Metastasis of the tumor to other sites in the body such as to the lymph nodes
  • Recurrence of the tumor after surgery, when the entire tumor is not removed
  • Blood loss during invasive treatment methods may be heavy
  • Damage of vital nerves, blood vessels, and surrounding structures during surgery
  • Side effects from chemotherapy (toxicity), radiation therapy (radiation fibrosis)

How is Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma Treated?

In general, Glomeruloid Type of Malignant Mesothelioma is a highly-aggressive cancer and the treatment can be challenging. A multidisciplinary approach with a team of healthcare specialists and experts from various medical fields may be necessary to treat the cancer at a healthcare institution that has the experience and expertise in dealing with such high-grade cancers.

The treatment measures for Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma may include a combination of the following:

  • Surgery: Complete excision where possible is attempted; though, it is difficult for the tumor to be removed completely. Even though it may not be curative, it can aid in the diagnosis and relieve obstructive symptoms
  • Radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy
  • Immunotherapy: It is a newer method of treatment that has shown promising results in some individuals. The healthcare provider will determine if immunotherapy is to be employed in treating the tumor
  • Embolization (clotting the vessels in the tumor) may be used to provide temporary relief from the symptoms and reduce blood loss during a surgical procedure
  • Organ transplantation (such as lung or heart) may be undertaken in some cases; when no distant metastasis has occurred and the primary tumor, which cannot be surgically removed, is confined to the organ site
  • Follow-up care with regular screening and check-ups are important

How can Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma be Prevented?

Current medical research has not established a method of preventing the formation of Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma. However, the following factors may be considered to reduce the risk of mesothelioma development:

  • Avoid or stop smoking: Individuals, who are smokers or have a prior history of the condition or suffer from other lung diseases, should regularly follow-up with their primary care physician to ensure that their lung functions are normal
  • Reducing exposure to known causative agents such as asbestos and asbestos products 
  • Early detection of exposure to asbestos dust particles can help avoid further exposure
  • Wearing appropriate respirators and masks while performing jobs that involve dust, chemicals, and metals
  • While working in industry, maintain a clean work area that is dust-free. Also, regularly shower and change clothes after industrial work
  • Ensure that industrial safety regulations for exposure to hazardous materials is adhered to at workplaces
  • Ensure that the industries strictly comply with implementation of prevalent statutory codes on occupational safety measures, especially with respect to workplace exposure
  • Undertake routine screening of individuals working in environment where exposure to asbestos is evident
  • Government regulations have decreased or even eliminated the use of asbestos through increased safety measures and through the usage of substitute products (instead of asbestos)
  • It is recommended that regular screening be undertaken for mesothelioma, if any of the following tumors are observed:
    • Clear cell renal cell carcinoma
    • Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (a type of liver cancer)
    • Cutaneous melanoma
    • Uveal or ocular melanoma

Due to its high metastasizing potential and recurrence rate, regular medical screening at periodic intervals with blood tests, scans, and physical examinations, are mandatory for those who have already been treated for this tumor.

What is the Prognosis of Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma? (Outcomes/Resolutions)

  • The prognosis of Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma is generally poor. Death mostly occurs due to spread of cancer, large size of tumor, or severely affected function of the affected organ
  • Nevertheless, the prognosis depends on a combination of factors, such as:
    • Age of the individual: Older individuals generally have poorer prognosis than younger individuals
    • Grade of the tumor: It is considered as a helpful parameter in predicting the prognosis
    • Cell growth rate of the cancer (its ki-67 value): The ki-67 value is based on a protein found in cells that is a good indicator of how fast the tumor cells are growing. The ki-67 value is determined by a pathologist and is usually mentioned in the pathology report
    • Response to treatment and medical therapy: Tumors that respond to treatment have better prognosis compared to tumors that do not respond to treatment
    • The size of the tumor and the extent of its invasion: Individuals with small-sized tumors fare better than those with large-sized tumors
    • Stage of cancer per FIGO (or TNM): With lower-stage tumors, when the tumor is confined to site of origin, the prognosis is usually excellent with appropriate therapy. In higher-stage tumors, such as tumors with metastasis, the prognosis is poor
    • Overall health of the individual: Individuals with overall excellent health have better prognosis compared with those with poor health
    • Individuals with bulky disease have a poorer prognosis
    • Involvement of the regional lymph nodes, which can adversely affect the prognosis
    • Involvement of vital organs may complicate the condition
    • The surgical respectability of the tumor (meaning, if the tumor can be removed completely)
    • Whether the tumor is occurring for the first time, or is a recurrent tumor. Recurring tumors have worse prognosis compared to tumors that do not recur
    • Progression of the condition makes the outcome worse

Additional and Relevant Useful Information for Malignant Glomeruloid Mesothelioma:

Malignant epithelial mesothelioma is the most common histological type of malignant mesothelioma. It can occur in all 5 body sites, though the most frequent location is the pleura (in the lungs).

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Krish Tangella MD, MBA

Pathology, Medical Editorial Board, DoveMed Team

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